Chemical diversity analysis and biological activities evaluation of different polyphenolic extracts of Marrubium deserti De Noé from Algeria.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Marrubium deserti De Noé (Lamiaceae) commonly known as desert horehound, is a small perennial herb distributed in arid climates. This plant has been used in Algeria for the treatment of cold, cough, fever and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to perform a phytochemical analysis and to evaluate the effect of diethyl ether (ExDiEth), n-butanol (ExBut) and hydroalcoholic (ExHyD) extracts of the aerial parts of M. deserti De Noé on inflammation, nociceptive response and fever in animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The total phenolic content and the different phenolic fraction (flavones-flavonols, free aglycones, anthocyanidins, C-glycosides and flavonic heterosides) were quantified in order to study the chemical diversity. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema test and the nociceptive response was determined by the chemical method using acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced paw licking tests and by the thermal method using the hot plate in mice. In addition, anti-fever was investigated using yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis revealed that among all extracts, ExBut had a higher phenolic content and the aerial parts of M. deserti De Noé collected from two different sites (Biskra and Tamanresset) had a significant difference in the contents of flavonic heterosids and flavones-flavonols. PCA and CA showed a strong intra-specific variability of M. deserti De Noé individuals. Our results showed that the ExDiEth, ExBut and ExHyD treatments prevented the increase of paw oedema by 56.25%, 66.65% and 45.56% inhibition percent, respectively. Moreover, treatments with these extracts significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of writhing and increased the reaction time to thermal stimulation as well as demonstrated reduction in paw licking time both at early and late phases. Likewise, they also showed a significant reduction of yeast-induced pyrexia till 4 h of treatment. CONCLUSION: Results from this study show that M. deserti De Noé aerial parts exhibited anti-inflammatory, analgesic with central and peripheral actions and antipyretic activities which could be associated with the presence of some phytochemicals as flavones, flavonols, flavonic heterosids and phenolic acids.

Normal variations of oral anatomy and common oral soft tissue lesions: evaluation and management.

Examination of the oral cavity can provide significant diagnostic information regarding the general health of the patient. The oral cavity is affected by a multitude of pathologic conditions of variable cause and significance; however, there are numerous normal variations of oral soft tissue structures that may resemble a pathologic state. Understanding these variations assists practitioners to discriminate between normal versus abnormal findings and determine the appropriate course of management, if necessary.

Pediatric soft tissue oral lesions.

This article provides an overview of common color changes and soft tissue oral nodular abnormalities in children and adolescents. The clinical presentation and treatment options to address these conditions are presented in a concise approach, highlighting key features relevant to the oral health care professional.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among tobacco users.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions associated with tobacco among patients visiting the dental hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A selection of 1525 patients visiting the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology were interviewed regarding tobacco habits. Examination of the oral cavity was performed by trained examiners under good illumination using diagnostic instruments. Oral mucosal lesions were diagnosed based on the clinical features. RESULTS: The patients were divided into groups based on their tobacco habits. Out of 1525 patients, 359 patients (23.5%) had the habit and 265 (73.8%) of them had oral mucosal lesions. Leukoedema was the most prevalent lesion. Leukoplakia was found in 3.5% of the patients. Malignancy was found only among chewers. CONCLUSION: Nearly three-quarters of the patients with the tobacco habit had oral mucosal lesions. This emphasises that routine examination of oral mucosa is important and that the patients must be motivated to quit this harmful habit.

Oral mucosal lesions in denture wearers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) and denture-related mucosal lesions (DMLs) in denture wearers and to co-relate the prevalence with age, gender, type of denture and any systemic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental records of 380 denture wearers were retrospectively reviewed for OMLs and DMLs. RESULTS: We found 45% of the denture wearers had DMLs and 60.8% had OMLs not related to denture wearing. Although the prevalence of DMLs was higher in complete denture wearers than in partial denture wearers (49% vs. 42.2%), this difference was not significant. The most common DMLs were traumatic ulcer (19.5%) and denture-induced stomatitis (18.1%). When analysed by type, traumatic ulcer, denture hyperplasia, frictional keratosis and candidiasis were more common in complete denture wearers, whereas denture-induced stomatitis was more common in partial denture wearers. Frictional keratosis was more common in men than in women. The prevalence of OMLs not related to denture wearing was higher in complete denture wearers than in partial denture wearers, and the most common OML was fissured tongue (27.6%). No association between DMLs and systemic conditions or xerostomic drugs was noted. CONCLUSION: No differences in the prevalence of DMLs in association with denture type were found. The prevalence of OMLs not related to denture wearing was higher in complete denture wearers than in partial denture wearers. This difference was affected by age, and the data were similar to the findings observed in the elderly.

Lesões brancas da cavidade oral: uma abordagem estomatológica / White lesions of the oral cavity: a stomatology approach

Introdução: As lesões brancas da cavidade oral constituem um complexo conjunto de entidades, cuja principal característica clínica se evidencia pela presença de áreas esbranquiçadas na boca. Sua etiologia é extremamente variada, sendo que certas lesões não apresentam uma causa única, mas o resultado da interação de diversos fatores. Objetivo e Método: Pretende-se, com este trabalho, realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre essas lesões, onde serão discutidas as algumas das lesões brancas da cavidade oral, seus fatores etiológicos e características clínicas além de enfocar aspectos necessários para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico diferencial das referidas lesões. Conclusão: Pode-se inferir que é necessário o conhecimento das lesões brancas da cavidade oral pelo cirurgião-dentista, a fim de que seja estabelecido o diagnóstico correto das lesões para que seja instituído o tratamento adequado a cada tipo, e então, recuperada a condição de saúde do paciente.

Introduction: White lesions of oral cavity constitute a complex group of entities, whose the main clinical characteristic is evidenced by the presence of white areas in the mouth. Your aetiology is extremely varied and some lesions don't present an only cause, but they are the result of the interaction of several factors. Aim and methods:It is intended, with this work, to accomplish a literature revision on those lesions, where it is discussedthe main white lesions of the oral cavity, your aetiology factors and clinical characteristics besides focusing necessary aspects for the establishment of the diferencial diagnosis of the referred lesions. Conclusion: It can be inferred that is necessary the knowledge of the white lesions of the oral cavity for the dentist, to established the correct diagnosis of the lesions to institute the appropriate treatment to each type, and then, the condition of the patient's health.

Lesions of the oral mucosa: an epidemiological study of 23785 Mexican patients.

This study is a cross-sectional report of oral mucosal lesions in 23785 patients more than 15 years of age who requested elective dental care in a dental school. Among the patients examined, the general lesion rate was 356.60 lesions per 1000 patients. Sixty-eight entities were identified, the lesions being more common among males. White, red, and ulcerated lesions were seen to predominate, associated mostly with chronic irritative causative factors. The prevalence rates of individual oral mucosal lesions ranged from 0.55 to 105.36 per 1000 patients examined. Age and sex assessment showed some differences in the type and presentation rates of the lesions. These and other epidemiological aspects are discussed.

Effect of cannabis usage on the oral environment: a review.

AIM: To evaluate oral environmental changes in cannabis users. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MEDLINE and Cochrane Central register of controlled trails (CENTRAL) were searched up to April 2007 to identify appropriate studies. RESULTS: Independent screening of 982 titles and abstracts (MEDLINE-Pubmed) and (Cochrane) papers resulted in seven eligible publications. CONCLUSION: Based on the limited data, it seems justified to conclude that with increasing prevalence of cannabis use, oral health care providers should be aware of cannabis-associated oral side effects, such as xerostemia, leukoedema and an increased prevalence and density of Candida albicans.

Oral Candida species and betel quid-associated oral lesions in Padaung women of Northern Thailand.

Purpose of the present investigation was to study the association between the betel quid chewing (BQC) habits, the oral yeast flora and oral lesions in female Padaung of northern Thailand. Oral swabs were taken from the tongue and palate of 50 Padaung women with and 50 control individuals without BQC habit. The spectrum of oral Candida species in both groups was determined microbiologically. In addition, oral mucosal lesions were registered in both groups. Mean age of BQ chewers was 35.4 years, of non-chewers was 19.2 years. Candida parapsilosis was the most common Candida spp. isolated both in BQ chewers (46%) and non-chewers (44%). Candida albicans was revealed in 24% of BQ chewers and 18% of non-chewers. There was no significant difference in carriage of Candida spp. isolated between both groups. Forty-four per cent of BQ chewers revealed betel chewers mucosa, 10% showed leukoedema. Isolated populations such as the Padaung may reveal different patterns of candidal flora, in this case a predominance of Candida parapsilosis.

Variations of structure and appearance of the oral mucosa.

Among the most important factors in a thorough clinical examination is the dentist's ability to recognize and make distinctions among normal oral structures, variations of normal structures, and pathologic entities. The practitioner's diagnostic acumen is essential to this process and is a skill gained and refined by clinical experience and continuing education. In this introductory article, the authors describe normal entities, anomalies, and benign soft tissue lesions of interest to the clinician. For presentation, these structures are organized according to their location within the oral cavity.

Betel quid-associated oral lesions and oral Candida species in a female Cambodian cohort.

BACKGROUND: Betel quid chewing (BQC) is still prevalent among elderly Cambodian women and is associated with a wide variety of oral mucosal lesions. BQC has also been associated with a reduced rate of dental caries and changes in the oral microbiological flora. METHODS: Since no studies were available on the impact of BQC on the oral carriage of Candida species, in this study oral swabs (Fungiquick, Hain Diagnostika, Germany) were taken from the tongue and palate of 48 Cambodian women with BQC habit (study group) and 13 control subjects without BQC habit (control group) to determine the spectrum of Candida species in these two groups. In addition, we investigated lesions of the oral mucosa likely to be associated with BQC habit in both study and control groups. RESULTS: The median duration of BQC was 10 years (range 10 months-30 years). The following oral lesions were found in the study group: betel chewer's mucosa (85.4%), oral leukoplakia (8.3%), leukoedema (37.5%) and oral lichen planus (4.2%). Oral candidiasis was seen neither in BQ-chewers nor in controls. Candida spp. were found in 70.8% of the cases (controls 69.2%). Whilst C. albicans was isolated from 27.1% of the study cohort, C. tropicalis was the second most common isolate. One control case was colonised by C. dubliniensis--the first report of this organism from a Cambodian population. There was no significant difference in the candidal carriage rate or the Candida species isolated between the study and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Mycological findings from the present study do not indicate that BQC has a significant effect on oral colonisation by Candida species.